When I try to sign into OneDrive, I receive an error message that reads: There was a problem connecting to OneDrive. Check your Internet connection, and then try again. (Error Code: 0x8004de40).

Microsoft OneDrive.

Refer to the Reset OneDrive article to To reset the OneDrive desktop sync app in Windows.

If unsuccessful or for an alternative solution, uninstall/reinstall OneDrive from device following steps provided at Turn off, disable, or uninstall OneDrive.